Lipstick is a cosmetic product made from waxes and oils and provides color and texture when applied to the lips. It is available in almost every shade and a variety of textures including matte, semi-matte, glossy and shimmery. Popularised in the 20 ^th century, it is worn by women on an everyday basis as well as for special occasions. Multiple cosmetic brands, both inexpensive and high-end, have their own ranges of lipsticks.

What is lipstick?
Lipstick is a makeup product manufactured from waxes, oils, emollients, and pigments. Waxes provide structure to the final product and oils provide shine. Many lipsticks also contain products like olive oil, jojoba oil and cocoa butter for added softness and hydration to the lips. Colour is provided by lake dyes and pigments such as Bromo acid, titanium dioxide and various red shades of D&C. Trace amounts of lead and other metals are also found in lipstick as a by-product of the ingredients.

History of lipstick
Lipstick was first worn by the ancient Sumerians over 5000 years ago and was made by crushing gemstones. Ancient Greeks also wore lip paint made from crushed mulberries and vermilion pigment. Until the late 19 ^th century, lipstick was considered unfit to be worn by respectable women – by the 1880s, however, the French had started manufacturing commercial lipsticks. In the 1910s and 1920s, American women started applying lipstick in public and famous salons like Elizabeth Arden and Estee Lauder began selling their own varieties of lipsticks.

Types of lipsticks
The lipstick comes in a large number of shades, textures, and finishes to suit all tastes. Some of the popular varieties of lipstick include:

• Matte lipstick
  These lipsticks are highly pigmented and contain a greater proportion of filling agents like silica to increase longevity.
• Crème lipstick
  These contain a greater proportion of waxes to enable smooth gliding onto the lips.
• Glossy lipstick
  These contain more oils that give a shiny effect when applied to the lips.
• Frosted lipstick
  These have a shimmery effect that is created by the addition of silica, mica or pearlescent particles.
• Liquid lipstick
  These come in a liquid semi-permanent format that is applied onto the lips with an applicator and is typically long-lasting.
• Lip liner
  These contain more wax and pigment than regular lipsticks and are ideal for outlining the lips before applying lipstick.

Popular trends in lipstick
Over the 20 ^th century, lipstick has become a universal cosmetic product used by all women. Different trends in lipstick have been observed over the changing times, some of which are as follows:

• White lipstick
  In the 1960s, rock music groups like the Shirelles and the Ronettes popularised white lipstick, which was worn widely by teenage girls.
• Black lipstick
  While black lipstick was often worn by horror film actresses in the 1950s, it surged in popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, primarily owing to the rise of the goth and punk subcultures.
• Mood lipstick
  This was introduced in the 1980s as the lipstick that changed color with changes in pH levels that were supposedly reflective of changes in the wearer’s mood.
• Brown lipstick
  In the 1990s, shades of brown lipstick became popularised by television shows such as ‘Friends’.
• Nude lipstick
  Since 2014, the nude lip has been popularised by multiple celebrities as part of the ‘less is more’ trend.